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RICE PROCESSING PRODUCTS
Rice is one of the most common staple foods that people usually consume around the world. By‐products from the rice milling process have high amounts of nutrients when compared to white rice itself. Rice straw, rice hull, broken rice, rice germ, rice bran, rice bran oil and wax are the by‐products from the rice industry. These by‐products usually have basic applications in their original form, but now can be used as raw materials for different value‐added research or in food applications with functional properties. Rice by‐products not only contain various types of functional components, but also contain dietary fiber. The fiber can be mostly found in rice hull and the types of fiber present include cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and hydrated silica. Because of the high fiber content in rice hull and rice bran, they are used as ingredients by the bakery industries to increase the fiber content and improve the nutrition of bakery products.
Rice straw
Rice straw is a rice by-product produced when harvesting paddy. Each kg of milled rice produced results in roughly 0.7–1.4 kg of rice straw depending on varieties, cutting-height of the stubbles, and moisture content during harvest. Rice straw is separated from the grains after the plants are threshed either manually, using stationary threshers or, more recently, by using combine harvesters
Rice husk
The rice husk, also called rice hull, is the coating on a seed or grain of rice. It is formed from hard materials, including silica and lignin, to protect the seed during the growing season. Each kg of milled white rice results in roughly 0.28 kg of rice husk as a by-product of rice production during milling. Common products from rice husk are: solid fuel (i.e., loose form, briquettes, and pellets), carbonized rice husk produced after burning, and the remaining rice husk ash after combustion.
Rice bran
One hundred kilogram (100 kg) of paddy rice will generate approximately 5−10 kg of bran. Rice bran is a mixture of substances, including protein, fat, ash, and crude fiber. In many cases, bran contains tiny fractions of rice hull, which increases the ash content of bran. Bran composition is largely dependent on the milling process.
In modern rice mills, several different kinds of bran are produced: coarse bran (from the first whitening step), fine bran (from second whitening step) and polish (from the polishing step). Polish consists of part of the endosperm and is often referred to as meal.
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